i Paerl & Paul (2012) ii Backer & Miller (2016) iv Dodds et al. (2009) iii Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (https://www.whoi.edu/redtide/regions/us-distribution) Yearly economic losses, resulting from freshwater blooms, of $2.2 BILLION in the U.S. alone.iv Harmful algal blooms were recorded in ALL 50 U.S. STATES in the past decade.iii Between 2007 and 2011, Departments of Health / Environment from 13 states reported Of the 67 cases, 63 were possibly associated with or confirmed to be associated with exposure to freshwater HABs. in canines related to HAB toxins. 67 CASES OF POISONINGS Common HAB Cyanobacteria Toxins • Anabaena • Aphanizomenon • Cylindrospermopsis • Dolichospermum • Microcystis Microcystins: Liver Dermatoxins: Skin & Mucous Membranes Cylindrospermopsins: Liver Anatoxins: Nervous System Saxitoxins: Nervous System Outputs: Economic Impacts Outputs: Toxins and Health Toxin Impacts on Wildlife ii 38 CASES WERE FATAL 58% fatality rate 19 HEADLINE Who’s Minding the Planet? ALGAE INFOGRAPHIC